Novel Bacillus Thuringiensis Crystal Polypeptides, Polynucleotides, and Compositions Thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides insecticidal polypeptides related to  Bacillus  Cry2 polypeptides. Nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides of the invention are also provided. Methods for using the polypeptides and nucleic acids of the invention to enhance resistance of plants to insect predation are encompassed.

This application is a divisional of, and claims benefit to, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/675,729, which application is a divisional of, and claims benefit to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/067,557, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,208,474, which claims priority to and benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/547,664, filed Feb. 25, 2004, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of pest control and provides insecticidal polypeptides related to Bacillus Cry2 polypeptides and the polynucleotides that encode them. The present invention also relates to methods and compositions for altering resistance of plants to insect predation including, but not limited to, transgenic plant production.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Numerous commercially valuable plants, including common agricultural crops, are susceptible to attack by insect and nematode pests. These pests can cause substantial reductions in crop yield and quality. Traditionally, farmers have relied heavily on chemical pesticides to combat pest damage. However, the use of chemical pesticides raises its own set of problems, including the cost and inconvenience of applying the pesticides. Furthermore, chemical residues raise environmental and health concerns. For these and other reasons there is a demand for alternative insecticidal agents.

An environmentally friendly approach to controlling pests is the use of pesticidal crystal proteins derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (“Bt”), commonly referred to as “Cry proteins.” Many of these proteins are quite toxic to specific target insects, but harmless to plants and other non-targeted organisms. Some Cry proteins have been recombinantly expressed in crop plants to provide pest-resistant transgenic plants. Among those, Bt-transgenic cotton and corn have been widely cultivated.

A large number of Cry proteins have been isolated, characterized and classified based on amino acid sequence homology (Crickmore et al., 1998, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 62: 807-813). This classification scheme provides a systematic mechanism for naming and categorizing newly discovered Cry proteins.

It has generally been found that individual Cry proteins possess relatively narrow activity spectra with the exception of Cry2A. Cry2A is unusual in that this subset of Cry proteins possesses a broader effective range that includes toxicity to both the Lepidoptera and Diptera orders of insects. The Cry2A protein was discovered to be a toxin showing a dual activity against Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) and Aedes taeniorhynchus (mosquito) (Yamamoto and McLaughlin, 1982, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 130: 414-421). The nucleic acid molecule encoding the Cry2A protein (termed Cry2Aa) was cloned and expressed in B. megaterium and found to be active against both Lepidoptera and Diptera insects (Donovan et al. 1988, J. Bacteriol. 170: 4732-4738). An additional coding sequence homologous to Cry2Aa was cloned (termed Cry2Ab) and was found to be active only against Lepidoptera larvae (Widner and Whiteley, 1989, J Bacteriol 171:2).

Second generation transgenic crops could be more resistant to insects if they are able to express multiple and/or novel Bt genes. Accordingly, new insecticidal proteins having broad activity spectra would be highly desirable.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a novel Cry2 polypeptide, Cry2Ax (SEQ ID NO:2), isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis. Also encompassed by the present invention are Cry2Ax-derived polypeptides (SEQ ID NOS:4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260). In addition to the polypeptide sequence of Cry2Ax and Cry2Ax-derived polypeptides, it will be appreciated that polypeptides of the invention also encompass variants thereof, including, but not limited to, any fragment, analog, homolog, naturally occurring allele, or mutant thereof. Polypeptides of the invention also encompass those polypeptides that are encoded by any Cry2Ax or Cry2Ax-derived nucleic acid of the invention. In one embodiment, polypeptides that have at least one Cry2Ax functional activity (e.g., insecticidal activity) and are at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the polypeptide sequence of any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260, or variants thereof. In another embodiment, polypeptides are encompassed that have at least one Cry2Ax functional activity (e.g., insecticidal activity), are at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, or 625 contiguous amino acids in length, and are encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid that encodes any of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260, or a variant thereof. Methods of production of the polypeptides of the invention, e.g., by recombinant means, are also provided. Compositions comprising one or more polypeptides of the invention are also encompassed.

The present invention also relates to the nucleic acid molecules of Cry2Ax (SEQ ID NO:1) and Cry2Ax-derived nucleic acid molecules (SEQ ID NOS:3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259). Also encompassed by the present invention are fragments and analogs which encode polypeptides that are at least partially functionally active, i.e., they are capable of displaying one or more known functional activities associated with a wild type Cry2Ax polypeptide. In one embodiment, the invention encompasses an isolated nucleic acid molecule that comprises a nucleotide sequence i) which is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence of any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259; ii) that hybridizes with a nucleic acid probe consisting of the nucleotide sequence of any of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, or a complement thereof under stringent conditions; and/or iii) that comprises a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260. Vectors comprising nucleic acids of the invention are also encompassed. Cells or plants comprising the vectors of the invention are also encompassed.

The present invention also relates to transgenic plants expressing a nucleic acid and/or polypeptide of the invention. The transgenic plants can express the transgene in any way known in the art including, but not limited to, constitutive expression, developmentally regulated expression, tissue specific expression, etc. Seed obtained from a transgenic plant of the invention is also encompassed.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows insecticidal activity of DNA clones from the second round of shuffling. Each clone was expressed in N. benthamiana leaves using forced infiltration. Each leaf disk was fed to a single 3^(rd) instar H. zea larvae. Following a 24-hour incubation period, the feeding activity was determined by visual observation and expressed as an approximate fraction of leaf area remaining. The y-axis is the percent of the leaf disk remaining after exposure to the insect. The x-axis is the clone expressed in the leaf disk. Several clones shoed increased insecticidal activity such as 7K (D_(—)501000779) (SEQ ID NO:10), 15K (D_(—)500999080) (SEQ ID NO:12), 16K (D_(—)501000269) (SEQ ID NO:14), 16R (D_(—)501037143) (SEQ ID NO:16), and 473R (D_(—)501037677) (SEQ ID NO:18).

FIG. 2 shows insecticidal activity of first round shuffled clone 44 (D_(—)500503970) and third round shuffled clone D_(—)501764701. Each clone was expressed in N. benthamiana leaves using forced infiltration. Each leaf disk was fed to a single 3^(rd) instar H. zea larva. Following a 24-hour incubation period, the feeding activity was determined by video capture of the leaf disk. The y-axis is the number of pixels present in the captured leaf disk image. The x-axis is the clone expressed in the leaf disk. Results are shown for the average of three experiments. For each experiment at least eight leaf disks were tested for each clone.

FIGS. 3A-3B show efficacy results for transgenic tobacco plants expressing first round shuffled clone 44 in the plastid compartment (left panels) or in the cytoplasm (right panels). The efficacy of (A) H. zea or (B) S. exigua inhibition was determined after incubation of the leaves with the worms for 24 hours. The amount of leaf remaining was observed with video capture equipment for actual calculation of relative leaf area remaining (number of pixels). Each transgenic plant had six leaf disks taken for analysis. Because twenty five transgenic plants were made using each transgene construct, the numbers distinguish different plants using a particular construct.

FIGS. 4A-4B show transgene expression levels in the first round shuffled clone 44-expressing transgenic plants. This shuffled Cry2-derived polypeptide was expressed in (A) the plastidic or (B) cytoplasmic subcellular compartments by transformation with pMAXY5469 or pMAXY5471, respectively. Western blot analysis was performed on transgenic plant extracts using a polyclonal antibody directed to the toxin region of the first round shuffled clone 44 polypeptide. Negative controls were extracts taken from an untransformed plant. Positive controls were either 20 ng or 40 ng of purified Cry2Ax toxin. The molecular weight of the positive control Cry2Ax differs from that of the Cry2Ax-derived polypeptide in the plant extracts because the former is trypsin activated and the latter is pro-toxin.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides insecticidal polypeptides related to Bacillus Cry2 polypeptides. Nucleic acid molecules encoding the polypeptides of the invention are also provided. Methods for using the polypeptides and nucleic acids of the invention to enhance resistance of plants to insect predation are encompassed.

5.1 Polypeptides of the Invention

The present invention relates to a novel Cry2 polypeptide, Cry2Ax (SEQ ID NO:2), isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis. Also encompassed by the present invention are Cry2Ax-derived polypeptides (SEQ ID NOS: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260). Polypeptides of the invention also encompass those polypeptides that are encoded by any Cry2Ax or Cry2Ax-derived nucleic acid of the invention (see Section 5.2).

In addition to the polypeptide sequence of Cry2Ax and Cry2Ax-derived polypeptides, it will be appreciated that polypeptides of the invention also encompass variants thereof, including, but not limited to, any substantially similar sequence, any fragment, analog, homolog, naturally occurring allele, or mutant thereof. Variants encompassed by the invention are polypeptides that are at least partially functionally active, i.e., they are capable of displaying one or more known functional activities associated with a wild type Cry2Ax polypeptide. Such functional activities include, but are not limited to, biological activities, such as insecticidal activity; antigenicity, i.e., an ability to bind or compete with Cry2Ax for binding to an anti-Cry2Ax antibody; immunogenicity, i.e., an ability to generate antibody which binds to a Cry2Ax polypeptide. In some embodiments, the variants have at least one functional activity that is substantially similar to its parent polypeptide (e.g., a variant of Cry2Ax will have at least one functional activity that is substantially similar to Cry2Ax). As used herein, the functional activity of the variant will be considered “substantially similar” to its parent polypeptide if it is within one standard deviation of the parent.

In one embodiment, polypeptides that have at least one Cry2Ax functional activity (e.g., insecticidal activity) and are at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the polypeptide sequence of any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260 are encompassed by the invention. Such polypeptides of the invention contain at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, or all 40 amino acid residues from the group consisting of H₂, S₇, Q₂₇, Q₃₅, E₃₆, K₄₃, D₄₄, N₄₅, D₅₁, A₅₈, V₆₉, R₇₈, N₇₉, K₉₉, T₁₁₈, V₁₂₄, E₁₂₅, R₁₂₉, N₁₃₈, R₁₃₉, A₁₄₁, T₁₆₂, Q₁₆₅, M₁₆₆, L₁₈₃, I₁₉₂, H₂₁₁, R₂₁₃, R₂₁₇, D₂₁₈, V₃₂₄, I₃₈₆, T₃₉₉, S₄₀₅, Q₄₄₅, I₅₅₁, S₅₈₇, I₅₉₁, L₆₁₀, and L₆₃₁. The subscript indicates the amino acid residue position corresponding to the position in SEQ ID NO:2 upon optimal alignment of the polypeptide sequence with SEQ ID NO:2. With respect to an amino acid sequence that is optimally aligned with a reference sequence, an amino acid “corresponds” to the position in the reference sequence with which the residue is paired in the alignment.

As used herein, where a sequence is defined as being “at least X % identical” to a reference sequence, e.g., “a polypeptide at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:2,” it is to be understood that “X % identical” refers to absolute percent identity, unless otherwise indicated. The term “absolute percent identity” refers to a percentage of sequence identity determined by scoring identical amino acids or nucleic acids as one and any substitution as zero, regardless of the similarity of mismatched amino acids or nucleic acids. In a typical sequence alignment the “absolute percent identity” of two sequences is presented as a percentage of amino acid or nucleic acid “identities.” In cases where an optimal alignment of two sequences requires the insertion of a gap in one or both of the sequences, an amino acid residue in one sequence that aligns with a gap in the other sequence is counted as a mismatch for purposes of determining percent identity. Gaps can be internal or external, i.e., a truncation. Absolute percent identity can be readily determined using, for example, the Clustal W program, version 1.8, June 1999, using default parameters (Thompson et al., 1994, Nucleic Acids Research 22: 4673-4680).

In another embodiment, fragments of Cry2Ax and Cry2Ax-derived polypeptides are encompassed by the invention. Polypeptides are encompassed that have at least one Cry2Ax functional activity (e.g., insecticidal activity), are at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, or 625 contiguous amino acids in length of any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260, and are encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid that encodes any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260. In embodiments where the fragment of the invention encompasses any of the amino acid residues that correspond to amino acid residues 2, 7, 27, 35, 36, 43, 44, 45, 51, 58, 69, 78, 79, 99, 118, 124, 125, 129, 138, 139, 141, 161, 165, 166, 183, 192, 211, 213, 217, 218, 324, 386, 399, 405, 445, 551, 587, 591, 610, 631 of SEQ ID NO:2, such polypeptides of the invention contain at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, or all 40 amino acid residues from the group consisting of H₂, S₇, Q₂₇, Q₃₅, E₃₆, K₄₃, D₄₄, N₄₅, D₅₁, A₅₈, V₆₉, R₇₈, N₇₉, K₉₉, T₁₁₈, V₁₂₄, E₁₂₅, R₁₂₉, N₁₃₈, R₁₃₉, A₁₄₁, T₁₆₂, Q₁₆₅, M₁₆₆, L₁₈₃, R₁₉₂, H₂₁₁, R₂₁₃, R₂₁₇, D₂₁₈, V₃₂₄, I₃₈₆, T₃₉₉, I₄₀₅, Q₄₄₅, I₅₅₁, S₅₈₇, I₅₉₁, L₆₁₀, and L₆₃₁.

In a specific embodiment, a fragment of the invention corresponds to the length of the processed pro-toxin. There is a 5-6 kDa difference in molecular weight between full length pro-toxin Cry2 and the processed Cry2 toxin. This is the result of ˜40 amino acids being cleaved from the pro-toxin Cry2 polypeptide (Rukmini et al., 2000, Biochimie 82:109-116; Aronson et al., 1993, Mol. Microbiol. 7:489-496; Morse et al., 2001, Structure 9:409-17). Polypeptides that correspond to this processed Cry2 fragment can be provided in the methods of the present invention directly to circumvent the need for pro-toxin processing.

In another specific embodiment, a fragment of the invention corresponds to a Cry2 domain. Cry2 polypeptides have three domains including i) domain I which is involved in insertion into the insect apical midgut membrane and affects ion channel function, ii) domain II which is involved in receptor binding on the insect midgut epithelial cell membrane, and iii) domain III which is involved in ion channel function, receptor binding, and insertion into the membrane (Dean et al., 1996, Gene 179:111-117; Schnepf et al., 1998, Microbiol. Molec. Biol. Rev. 62:775-806).

In another embodiment, analog polypeptides are encompassed by the invention. Analog polypeptides may possess residues that have been modified, i.e., by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule to the Cry2Ax or Cry2Ax-derived polypeptides. For example, but not by way of limitation, an analog polypeptide of the invention may be modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein, etc. An analog polypeptide of the invention may be modified by chemical modifications using techniques known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formylation, metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, etc. Furthermore, an analog of a polypeptide of the invention may contain one or more non-classical amino acids.

Methods of production of the polypeptides of the invention, e.g., by recombinant means, are also provided (see Section 5.6).

Compositions comprising one or more polypeptides of the invention are also encompassed. The compositions of the invention can further comprise additional agents including, but not limited to, spreader-sticker adjuvants, stabilizing agents, other insecticidal additives, diluents, agents that optimize the rheological properties or stability of the composition, such as, for example, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, and/or polymers.

5.2 Nucleic Acids of the Invention

The present invention also relates to the nucleic acid molecules of Cry2Ax (SEQ ID NO:1) and Cry2Ax-derived nucleic acid molecules (SEQ ID NOS:3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259). Nucleic acid molecules of the invention also encompass those nucleic acid molecules that encode any Cry2Ax or Cry2Ax-derived polypeptide of the invention (see Section 5.1).

In addition to the nucleic acid molecule of Cry2Ax and Cry2Ax-derived nucleic acid molecules, it will be appreciated that nucleic acids of the invention also encompass variants thereof, including, but not limited to any substantially similar sequence, any fragment, homolog, naturally occurring allele, or mutant thereof. Variant nucleic acid molecules encompassed by the present invention encode polypeptides that are at least partially functionally active, i.e., they are capable of displaying one or more known functional activities associated with a wild type Cry2Ax polypeptide. Such functional activities include, but are not limited to, biological activities, such as insecticidal activity; antigenicity, i.e., an ability to bind or compete with Cry2Ax for binding to an anti-Cry2Ax antibody; immunogenicity, i.e., an ability to generate antibody which binds to a Cry2Ax polypeptide. In some embodiments, the variants have at least one functional activity that is substantially similar to its parent nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a variant of a Cry2Ax nucleic acid molecule will encode a polypeptide that has at least one functional activity that is substantially similar to the polypeptide encoded for by the Cry2Ax nucleic acids molecule). As used herein, the functional activity of the variant will be considered “substantially similar” to its parent polypeptide if it is within one standard deviation of the parent.

In one embodiment, nucleic acid molecules that are at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to any of the nucleic acid molecules of SEQ

ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259 are encompassed by the invention. Such nucleic acid molecules of the invention encode polypeptides that contain at least one, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, or all 40 amino acid residues from the group consisting of H₂, S₇, Q₂₇, Q₃₅, E₃₆, K₄₃, D₄₄, N₄₅, D₅₁, A₅₈, V₆₉, R₇₈, N₇₉, K₉₉, T₁₁₈, V₁₂₄, E₁₂₅, R₁₂₉, N₁₃₈, R₁₃₉, A₁₄₁, T₁₆₂, Q₁₆₅, M₁₆₆, L₁₈₃, I₁₉₂, H₂₁₁, R₂₁₃, R₂₁₇, D₂₁₈, V₃₂₄, I₃₈₆, T₃₉₉, S₄₀₅, Q₄₄₅, I₅₅₁, S₅₈₇, I₅₉₁, L₆₁₀, and L₆₃₁.

To determine the percent identity of two nucleic acid molecules, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the sequence of a first nucleic acid molecule for optimal alignment with a second or nucleic acid molecule). The nucleotides at corresponding nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % identity=number of identical overlapping positions/total number of positions×100%). In one embodiment, the two sequences are the same length.

The determination of percent identity between two sequences can also be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. A non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of two sequences is the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (Karlin and Altschul, 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87:2264-2268, modified as in Karlin and Altschul, 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:5873-5877). Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215:403 and Altschul et al., 1997, Nucleic Acid Res. 25:3389-3402). Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available, e.g., through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., supra). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=⁻4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff & Henikoff, 1989, PNAS, 89:10915).

The Clustal V method of alignment can also be used to determine percent identity (Higgins and Sharp,1989, CABIOS. 5:151-153) and found in the Megalign program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). The “default parameters” are the parameters pre-set by the manufacturer of the program and for multiple alignments they correspond to GAP PENALTY=10 and GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10, while for pairwise alignments they are KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5. After alignment of the sequences, using the Clustal V program, it is possible to obtain a “percent identity” by viewing the “sequence distances” table on the same program.

The percent identity between two sequences can be determined using techniques similar to those described above, with or without allowing gaps. In calculating percent identity, typically only exact matches are counted.

In another embodiment, fragments of Cry2Ax and Cry2Ax-derived nucleic acid molecules are encompassed by the invention. Nucleic acid molecules are encompassed that have at least one Cry2Ax functional activity (e.g., insecticidal activity), are at least 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, or 1800 contiguous nucleotides in length of any of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, and/or hybridize under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule that encodes any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260. In embodiments where the nucleic acid fragment of the invention encodes a polypeptide that encompasses any of the amino acid residues that correspond to amino acid residues 2, 7, 27, 35, 36, 43, 44, 45, 51, 58, 69, 78, 79, 99, 118, 124, 125, 129, 138, 139, 141, 161, 165, 166, 183, 192, 211, 213, 217, 218, 324, 386, 399, 405, 445, 551, 587, 591, 610, 631 of SEQ ID NO:2, such nucleic acids molecules of the invention contain coding sequences for at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, or all 40 amino acid residues from the group consisting of H₂, S₇, Q₂₇, Q₃₅, E₃₆, K₄₃, D₄₄, N₄₅, D₅₁, A₅₈, V₆₉, R₇₈N₇₉, K₉₉, T₁₁₈, V₁₂₄, E₁₂₅, R₁₂₉, N₁₃₈, R₁₃₉, A₁₄₁, T₁₆₂, Q₁₆₅, M₁₆₆, L₁₈₃, I₁₉₂, H₂₁₁, R₂₁₃, R₂₁₇, D₂₁₈, V₃₂₄, I₃₈₆, T₃₉₉, S₄₀₅, Q₄₄₅, I₅₅₁, S₅₈₇, I₅₉₁, L₆₁₀, and L₆₃₁.

In a specific embodiment, a fragment of the invention corresponds to the length of nucleic acid that encodes the processed pro-toxin. There is a 5-6 kDa difference in molecular weight between full length pro-toxin Cry2 and the processed Cry2 toxin. This is the result of ˜40 amino acids being cleaved from the pro-toxin Cry2 polypeptide (Rukmini et al., 2000, Biochimie 82:109-116; Aronson et al., 1993, Mol. Microbiol. 7:489-496; Morse et al., 2001, Structure 9:409-17).

In another specific embodiment, a fragment of the invention encodes a polypeptide that corresponds to a Cry2 domain.

In another embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent conditions to any one of SEQ ID NOS:1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259 is encompassed by the invention. Such nucleic acid molecules of the invention encode polypeptides that contain at least 1, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, or all 40 amino acid residues from the group consisting of H₂, S₇, Q₂₇, Q₃₅, E₃₆, K₄₃, D₄₄, N₄₅, D₅₁, A₅₈, V₆₉, R₇₈, N₇₉, K₉₉, T₁₁₈, V₁₂₄, E₁₂₅, R₁₂₉, N₁₃₈, R₁₃₉, A₁₄₁, T₁₆₂, Q₁₆₅, M₁₆₆, L₁₈₃, I₁₉₂, H₂₁₁, R₂₁₃, R₂₁₇, D₂₁₈, V₃₂₄, I₃₈₆, T₃₉₉, S₄₀₅, Q₄₄₅, I₅₅₁, S₅₈₇, I₅₉₁, L₆₁₀, and L₆₃₁.

The phrase “stringent conditions” refers to hybridization conditions under which a nucleic acid will hybridize to its target nucleic acid, typically in a complex mixture of nucleic acid, but to essentially no other nucleic acids. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Longer nucleic acids hybridize specifically at higher temperatures. Extensive guides to the hybridization of nucleic acids can be found in the art (e.g., Tijssen, Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Probes, “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid assays” (1993)). Generally, highly stringent conditions are selected to be about 5-10° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T_(m)) for the specific nucleic acid at a defined ionic strength pH. Low stringency conditions are generally selected to be about 15-30 ° C. below the T_(m). The T_(m) is the temperature (under defined ionic strength, pH, and nucleic acid concentration) at which 50% of the probes complementary to the target hybridize to the target nucleic acid at equilibrium (as the target nucleic acids are present in excess, at T_(m), 50% of the probes are occupied at equilibrium). Hybridization conditions are typically those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.0 M sodium ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M sodium ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30 ° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. For selective or specific hybridization, a positive signal is at least two times background, and preferably 10 times background hybridization. In one embodiment, stringent conditions include at least one wash (usually 2) in 0.2×SSC at a temperature of at least about 50° C., usually about 55° C., or sometimes 60° C. or 65° C., for 20 minutes, or substantially equivalent conditions. In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention specifically hybridizes following at least one wash in 0.2×SSC at 55° C. for 20 minutes to a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of any of SEQ ID NOS:2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 256, 258, 260. In another embodiment, stringent conditions include hybridization in 6× sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C. followed by one or more washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50-65° C.

The phrase “specifically hybridizes” refers to the binding, duplexing, or hybridizing of a molecule only to a particular nucleotide sequence under stringent hybridization conditions when that sequence is present in a complex mixture (e.g., total cellular or library DNA or RNA).

Vectors comprising nucleic acids of the invention are also encompassed. Cells or plants comprising the vectors of the invention are also encompassed.

The term “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid molecule” herein refer to a single or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide bases read from the 5′ to the 3′ end. It includes chromosomal DNA, self-replicating plasmids and DNA or RNA that performs a primarily structural role. The term “encoding” refers to a polynucleotide sequence encoding one or more amino acids. The term does not require a start or stop codon. An amino acid sequence can be encoded in any one of six different reading frames provided by a polynucleotide sequence and its complement.

Table 1 discloses Cry2Ax and Cry2Ax-derived sequences and the corresponding sequence identity number.

5.3 Cry2Ax-Derived Sequences

Cry2Ax-derived polypeptides and nucleic acids of the invention can be created by introducing one or more nucleotide substitutions, additions and/or deletions into the nucleotide sequence of Cry2Ax or related nucleic acids, such that one or more amino acid substitutions, additions and/or deletions are introduced into the encoded protein. Generally, Cry2Ax-derived sequences are created in order to accentuate a desirable characteristic or reduce an undesirable characteristic of a Cry2Ax polypeptide. In one embodiment, Cry2Ax-derived polypeptides have improved insecticidal activity over Cry2Ax including, but not limited to, greater potency and/or increased insect pest range. In another embodiment, Cry2Ax-derived polypeptides are expressed better than Cry2Ax including, but not limited to, increased half life, less susceptible to degradation, and/or more efficient transcription or translation.

In one embodiment, a Cry2Ax (SEQ ID NO:1) nucleic acid molecule is used as a template to create Cry2Ax-derived nucleotides. In another embodiment, a Cry2Ax related nucleic acid is used as a template to create Cry2Ax-derived nucleotides. In a specific embodiment, Cry2Ab* is used as a template. Cry2Ab* has two amino acid changes relative to wild type Cry2Ab (K to R at position 36 and M to T at position 241 of GenBank Accession No. M23724). In another specific embodiment, clones isolated from one round of alteration can be used as template for further rounds of alteration (e.g., clones 38, 44, and 473R; see Sections 6.2 and 6.4).

Sequence alterations can be introduced by standard techniques such as directed molecular evolution techniques e.g., DNA shuffling methods (see e.g., Christians et al., 1999, Nature Biotechnology 17:259-264; Crameri et al., 1998, Nature, 391:288-291; Crameri, et al., 1997, Nature Biotechnology 15:436-438; Crameri et al., 1996, Nature Biotechnology 14:315-319; Stemmer, 1994, Nature 370:389-391; Stemmer et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 91:10747-10751; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793; 6,117,679; 6,132,970; 5,939,250; 5,965,408; 6,171,820; International Publication Nos. WO 95/22625; WO 97/0078; WO 97/35966; WO 98/27230; WO 00/42651; and WO 01/75767); site directed mutagenesis (see e.g., Kunkel, 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 82:488-492; Oliphant et al., 1986, Gene 44:177-183); oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis (see e.g., Reidhaar-Olson et al., 1988, Science 241:53-57); chemical mutagenesis (see e.g., Eckert et al., 1987, Mutat. Res. 178:1-10); error prone PCR (see e.g., Caldwell & Joyce, 1992, PCR Methods Applic. 2:28-33); and cassette mutagenesis (see e.g., Arkin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1992, 89:7871-7815); (see generally, e.g., Arnold, 1993, Curr. Opinion Biotechnol. 4:450-455; Ling et al., 1997, Anal. Biochem., 254(2):157-78; Dale et al., 1996, Methods Mol. Biol. 57:369-74; Smith, 1985, Ann. Rev. Genet. 19:423-462; Botstein et al., 1985, Science, 229:1193-1201; Carter, 1986, Biochem. J. 237:1-7; Kramer et al., 1984, Cell 38:879-887; Wells et al., 1985, Gene 34:315-323; Minshull et al., 1999, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 3:284-290).

In one embodiment, DNA shuffling is used to create Cry2Ax-derived nucleotides. DNA shuffling can be accomplished in vitro, in vivo, in silico, or a combination thereof. In silico methods of recombination can be effected in which genetic algorithms are used in a computer to recombine sequence strings which correspond to homologous (or even non-homologous) nucleic acids. The resulting recombined sequence strings are optionally converted into nucleic acids by synthesis of nucleic acids which correspond to the recombined sequences, e.g., in concert with oligonucleotide synthesis gene reassembly techniques. This approach can generate random, partially random or designed alterations. Many details regarding in silico recombination, including the use of genetic algorithms, genetic operators and the like in computer systems, combined with generation of corresponding nucleic acids as well as combinations of designed nucleic acids (e.g., based on cross-over site selection) as well as designed, pseudo-random or random recombination methods are described in the art (see e.g., International Publication Nos. WO 00/42560 and WO 00/42559).

In another embodiment, targeted mutagenesis is used to create Cry2Ax-derived nucleotides by choosing particular nucleotide sequences or positions of the Cry2Ax or related nucleic acid for alteration. Such targeted mutations can be introduced at any position in the nucleic acid. For example, one can make nucleotide substitutions leading to amino acid substitutions at “non-essential” or “essential” amino acid residues. A “non-essential” amino acid residue is a residue that can be altered from the wild-type sequence without altering the biological activity, whereas an “essential” amino acid residue is required for at least one biological activity of the polypeptide. For example, amino acid residues that are not conserved or only semi-conserved among homologs of various species may be non-essential for activity. Alternatively, amino acid residues that are conserved among the homologs of various species may be essential for activity.

Such targeted mutations can be conservative or non-conservative. A “non-conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a dissimilar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), β-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine).

Alternatively or in addition to non-conservative amino acid residue substitutions, such targeted mutations can be conservative. A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Following mutagenesis, the encoded protein can be expressed recombinantly and the activity of the protein can be determined.

In another embodiment, random mutagenesis is used to create Cry2Ax-derived nucleotides. Mutations can be introduced randomly along all or part of the coding sequence (e.g., by saturation mutagenesis). In certain embodiments, nucleotide sequences encoding other related polypeptides that have similar domains, structural motifs, active sites, or that align with a portion of the Cry2Ax of the invention with mismatches or imperfect matches, can be used in the mutagenesis process to generate diversity of sequences.

It should be understood that for each mutagenesis step in some of the techniques mentioned above, a number of iterative cycles of any or all of the steps may be performed to optimize the diversity of sequences. The above-described methods can be used in combination in any desired order. In many instances, the methods result in a pool of altered nucleic acid sequences or a pool of recombinant host cells comprising altered nucleic acid sequences. The altered nucleic acid sequences or host cells expressing an altered nucleic acid sequence with the desired characteristics can be identified by screening with one or more assays known in the art. The assays may be carried out under conditions that select for polypeptides possessing the desired physical or chemical characteristics. The alterations in the nucleic acid sequence can be determined by sequencing the nucleic acid molecule encoding the altered polypeptide in the clones.

Additionally, Cry2Ax and Cry2Ax-derived nucleic acid molecules can be codon optimized, either wholly or in part. Because any one amino acid (except for methionine) is encoded by a number of codons (Table 2), the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule may be changed without changing the encoded amino acid. Codon optimization is when one or more codons are altered at the nucleic acid level such that the amino acids are not changed but expression in a particular host organism is increased. Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that tables and other references providing preference information for a wide range of organisms are available in the art.

5.4 Methods Of Assaying Insecticidal Activity

As used herein, the term “insecticidal activity” refers to the ability of a polypeptide to decrease or inhibit insect feeding and/or to increase insect mortality upon ingestion of the polypeptide. Although any insect may be effected, preferably insects of the Lepidoptera and Diptera orders of insects are affected.

A variety of assays can be used to determine whether a particular polypeptide of the invention has insecticidal activity and, if so, to what degree. Generally, an insect pest is provided a polypeptide of the invention in any form that can be ingested. The reaction of the insect pest to ingestion of the polypeptide of the invention is observed (e.g., for about one to three days). A decrease or inhibition of feeding and/or an increase in insect pest mortality after ingestion of the polypeptide of the invention are indicators of insecticidal activity. A polypeptide of the invention with unknown insecticidal activity should be compared to a positive and/or negative control to assess more accurately the outcome of the assay.

In one embodiment, a polypeptide of the invention is purified (either in soluble form or in crystal form) and added to the insect diet.

In another embodiment, a polypeptide of the invention is expressed in a recombinant microbe (e.g., E. coli). The recombinant microbe is fed directly to the insect pests (see Moellenbeck et al., 2001, Nat. Biotechnol. 19:668).

In another embodiment, the polypeptide of the invention is expressed in a plant and the plant is fed to the insect pest. Following the incubation period, the feeding activity of the insect pest can be determined by visual observation (e.g., of approximate fraction of leaf area remaining) or video capture (e.g., number of pixels in a leaf area remaining) of the plant parts that would normally have been eaten by the insect pest. In a specific embodiment, expression of the polypeptide of the invention in the plant is transient. In such embodiments, a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide of the invention is cloned into a plant expression vector and transfected into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The transformed bacteria is co-cultivated with a leaf from N. benthamiana and, using forced infiltration, the leaf expresses the polypeptide of the invention. However, expression of the polypeptide is variable between leaf co-cultures. In another specific embodiment, expression of the polypeptide of the invention in the plant is stable. In such embodiments, a transgenic plant is made that expresses a polypeptide of the invention.

In another embodiment, insecticidal activity of a polypeptide of the invention can be assayed by measuring cell death and/or cell growth using cultured cells. Such assays typically involve the use of cultured insect cells that are susceptible to the particular toxin being screened, or cells that express a receptor for the particular toxin, either naturally or as a result of expression of a heterologous gene. Thus, in addition to insect cells, mammalian, bacterial, and yeast cells are among those cells useful in the in vitro assays. In vitro bioassays which measure toxicity against cultured cells are described in the art (e.g., Johnson, 1994, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 63:123-129).

In another embodiment, insecticidal activity of a polypeptide of the invention can be assayed by measuring pore formation in target insect-derived midgut epithelial membrane vesicles (Juttner and Ebel, 1998, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1370:51-63.; English et al., 1991, Insect Biochem. 21:177-184). Such an assay may constitute toxin conditional release of a ligand activated substrate from the lumen of the membrane vesicles. This requires that the ligand be on the outside of the vesicle. Alternatively the reverse scenario may be utilized whereby the ligand is in the vesicle lumen and the ready to be activated substrate is located on the outside of the vesicle. The higher the toxin activity the greater the number or size of pores formed.

5.5 Methods of Enhancing Insect Resistance in Plants

The present invention provides methods of enhancing plant resistance to insect pests including, but not limited to, members of the Helicoverpa ssp.(e.g., Helicoverpa Zea) and/or Spodoptera ssp. (e.g., Spodopter exigua) through the use of Cry2 related insecticidal polypeptides. Any method known in the art can be used to cause the insect pests to ingest one or more polypeptides of the invention during the course of feeding on the plant. As such, the insect pest will ingest insecticidal amounts of the one or more polypeptides of the invention and may discontinue feeding on the plant. In some embodiments, the insect pest is killed by ingestion of the one or more polypeptides of the invention. In other embodiments, the insect pests are inhibited or discouraged from feeding on the plant without being killed.

In one embodiment, transgenic plants can be made to express one or more polypeptides of the invention (see generally Section 5.7 for methods of transgenic plant production). The transgenic plant may express the one or more polypeptides of the invention in all tissues (e.g., global expression). Alternatively, the one or more polypeptides of the invention may be expressed in only a subset of tissues (e.g., tissue specific expression), preferably those tissues consumed by the insect pest. Polypeptides of the invention can be expressed constitutively in the plant or be under the control of an inducible promoter.

In another embodiment, a composition comprising one or more polypeptides of the invention can be applied externally to a plant susceptible to the insect pests. External application of the composition includes direct application to the plant, either in whole or in part, and/or indirect application, e.g., to the environment surrounding the plant such as the soil. The composition can be applied by any method known in the art including, but not limited to, spraying, dusting, sprinkling, or the like. In general, the composition can be applied at any time during plant growth. One skilled in the art can use methods known in the art to determine empirically the optimal time for administration of the composition. Factors that affect optimal administration time include, but are not limited to, the type of susceptible plant, the type of insect pest, which one or more polypeptides of the invention are administered in the composition.

The composition comprising one or more polypeptides of the invention may be substantially purified polypeptides, a cell suspension, a cell pellet, a cell supernatant, a cell extract, or a spore-crystal complex of Bacillus thuringiensis cells (see generally Section 5.6 for recombinant polypeptide synthesis techniques). The composition comprising one or more polypeptides of the invention may be in the form of a solution, an emulsion, a suspension, or a powder. Liquid formulations may be aqueous or non-aqueous based and may be provided as foams, gels, suspensions, emulsifiable concentrates, or the like. The formulations may include agents in addition to the one or more polypeptides of the invention. For example, compositions may further comprise spreader-sticker adjuvants, stabilizing agents, other insecticidal additives, diluents, agents that optimize the rheological properties or stability of the composition, such as, for example, surfactants, emulsifiers, dispersants, or polymers.

In another embodiment, recombinant hosts that express one or more polypeptides of the invention are applied on or near a plant susceptible to attack by an insect pest. The recombinant hosts include, but are not limited to, microbial hosts and insect viruses that have been transformed with and express one or more nucleic acid molecules (and thus polypeptides) of the invention. In some embodiments, the recombinant host secretes the polypeptide of the invention into its surrounding environment so as to contact an insect pest. In other embodiments, the recombinant hosts colonize one or more plant tissues susceptible to insect infestation.

5.6 Recombinant Expression

Nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides of the invention can be expressed recombinantly using standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques that are well known in the art (e.g., Sambrook, Fritsch, and Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, 1989). Additionally, recombinant DNA techniques may be used to create nucleic acid constructs suitable for use in making transgenic plants (see Section 5.7).

Accordingly, an aspect of the invention pertains to vectors, preferably expression vectors, comprising a nucleic acid molecule of the invention, or a variant thereof. As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a polynucleotide capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid”, which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be introduced. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be introduced into the viral genome.

Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal vectors) are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids (vectors). However, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses).

The recombinant expression vectors of the invention comprise a nucleic acid molecule of the invention in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid molecule in a host cell. This means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory sequences, selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, which is operably associated with the polynucleotide to be expressed. Within a recombinant expression vector, “operably associated” is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory sequence(s) in a manner which allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g., in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell). The term “regulatory sequence” is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Such regulatory sequences are described in the art (e.g., Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology, 1990, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.). Regulatory sequences include those which direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cells and those which direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, the area of the organism in which expression is desired, etc. The expression vectors of the invention can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce proteins or peptides, including fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids molecules as described herein.

In some embodiments, isolated nucleic acids which serve as promoter or enhancer elements can be introduced in the appropriate position (generally upstream) of a non-heterologous form of a polynucleotide of the present invention so as to up or down regulate expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention. For example, endogenous promoters can be altered in vivo by mutation, deletion, and/or substitution (see, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; International Patent Application No. PCT/US93/03868), or isolated promoters can be introduced into a plant cell in the proper orientation and distance from a cognate gene of a polynucleotide of the present invention so as to control the expression of the gene. Gene expression can be modulated under conditions suitable for plant growth so as to alter the total concentration and/or alter the composition of the polypeptides of the present invention in plant cell. Thus, the present invention provides compositions, and methods for making heterologous promoters and/or enhancers operably linked to a native, endogenous (i.e., non-heterologous) form of a polynucleotide of the present invention.

If polypeptide expression is desired, it is generally desirable to include a polyadenylation region at the 3′-end of a polynucleotide coding region. The polyadenylation region can be derived from the natural gene, from a variety of other plant genes, or from T-DNA. The 3′ end sequence to be added can be derived from, for example, the nopaline synthase or octopine synthase genes, or alternatively from another plant gene, or less preferably from any other eukaryotic gene.

The recombinant expression vectors of the invention can be designed for expression of a polypeptide of the invention in prokaryotic (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae, such as Escherichia; Bacillaceae; Rhizoboceae, such as Rhizobium and Rhizobacter; Spirillaceae, such as photobacterium; Zymomonas; Serratia; Aeromonas; Vibrio; Desulfovibrio; Spirillum; Lactobacillaceae; Pseudomonadaceae, such as Pseudomonas and Acetobacter; Azotobacteraceae and Nitrobacteraceae) or eukaryotic cells (e.g., insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors, yeast cells, plant cells, or mammalian cells) (see Goeddel, supra. For a discussion on suitable host cells). Alternatively, the recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.

Expression of proteins in prokaryotes is most often carried out in E. coli with vectors comprising constitutive or inducible promoters directing the expression of either fusion or non-fusion proteins. Fusion vectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein, usually to the amino terminus of the recombinant protein. Such fusion vectors typically serve at least three purposes: 1) to increase expression of the recombinant protein; 2) to increase the solubility of the recombinant protein; and/or 3) to aid in the purification of the recombinant protein by acting as a ligand in affinity purification. Often, in fusion expression vectors, a proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety and the recombinant protein to enable separation of the recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to purification of the fusion protein. Such enzymes, and their cognate recognition sequences, include Factor Xa, thrombin and enterokinase. Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Pharmacia Biotech Inc; Smith and Johnson, 1988, Gene 67:31-40), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) which fuse glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to the target recombinant protein.

In another embodiment, the expression vector is a yeast expression vector. Examples of vectors for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae include pYepSec1 (Baldari et al., 1987, EMBO J. 6:229-234), pMFa (Kurjan and Herskowitz, 1982, Cell 30:933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz et al., 1987, Gene 54:113-123), pYES2 (Invitrogen Corp., San Diego, Calif.), and pPicZ (Invitrogen Corp., San Diego, Calif.).

Alternatively, the expression vector is a baculovirus expression vector. Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells (e.g., Sf 9 cells) include the pAc series (Smith et al., 1983, Mol. Cell Biol. 3:2156-2165) and the pVL series (Lucklow and Summers, 1989, Virology 170:31-39).

In yet another embodiment, a nucleic acid of the invention is expressed in plant cells using a plant expression vector including, but not limited to, tobacco mosaic virus and potato virus expression vectors.

Other suitable expression systems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are known in the art (see, e.g., chapters 16 and 17 of Sambrook et al. 1990, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

A number of promoters can be used in the practice of the invention. The promoters can be selected based on the desired outcome. The nucleic acids can be combined with constitutive, tissue-specific, inducible, or other promoters for expression in the host organism.

A “tissue-specific promoter” may direct expression of nucleic acids of the present invention in a specific tissue, organ or cell type. Tissue-specific promoters can be inducible. Similarly, tissue-specific promoters may only promote transcription within a certain time frame or developmental stage within that tissue. Other tissue specific promoters may be active throughout the life cycle of a particular tissue. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a tissue-specific promoter may drive expression of operably linked sequences in tissues other than the target tissue. Thus, as used herein, a tissue-specific promoter is one that drives expression preferentially in the target tissue or cell type, but may also lead to some expression in other tissues as well. A number of tissue-specific promoters can be used in the present invention. With the appropriate promoter, any organ can be targeted, such as shoot vegetative organs/structures (e.g. leaves, stems and tubers), roots, flowers and floral organs/structures (e.g. bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, anthers and ovules), seed (including embryo, endosperm, and seed coat) and fruit. For instance, promoters that direct expression of nucleic acids in leaves, roots or flowers are useful for enhancing resistance to pests that infect those organs. For expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention in the aerial vegetative organs of a plant, photosynthetic organ-specific promoters, such as the RBCS promoter (Khoudi et al., Gene 197:343, 1997), can be used. Root-specific expression of polynucleotides of the present invention can be achieved under the control of a root-specific promoter, such as, for example, the promoter from the ANR1 gene (Zhang and Forde, Science, 279:407, 1998). Other exemplary promoters include the root-specific glutamine synthetase gene from soybean (Hirel et al., 1992, Plant Molecular Biology 20:207-218) and the root-specific control element in the GRP 1.8 gene of French bean (Keller et al., 1991, The Plant Cell 3:1051-1061).

A “constitutive promoter” is defined as a promoter which will direct expression of a gene in all tissues and are active under most environmental conditions and states of development or cell differentiation. Examples of constitutive promoters include the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S transcription initiation region, the 1′- or 2′-promoter derived from T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumafaciens, and other transcription initiation regions from various plant genes known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such genes include for example, ACT11 from Arabidopsis (Huang et al. 1996, Plant Mol. Biol. 33:125-139), Cat3 from Arabidopsis (GenBank Accession No. U43147, Zhong et al., 1996, Mol. Gen. Genet. 251:196-203), the gene encoding stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase from Brassica napus (Genbank Accession No. X74782, Solocombe et al. 1994, Plant Physiol. 104:1167-1176), GPc1 from maize (GenBank Accession No. X15596, Martinez et al., 1989, J. Mol. Biol. 208:551-565), and Gpc2 from maize (GenBank Accession No. U45855, Manjunath et al., 1997, Plant Mol. Biol. 33:97-112). Any strong, constitutive promoter, such as the CaMV 35S promoter, can be used for the expression of polynucleotides of the present invention throughout the plant.

The term “inducible promoter” refers to a promoter that is under precise environmental or developmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may effect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions, elevated temperature, the presence of light, or spraying with chemicals/hormones.

Suitable constitutive promoters for use in a plant host cell include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter and other related constitutive promoters (International Publication No. WO 99/43838 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050); the core CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al., 1985, Nature 313:810-812); rice actin (McElroy et al., 1990, Plant Cell 2:163-171); ubiquitin (Christensen et al., 1989, Plant Mol. Biol. 12:619-632 and Christensen et al., 1992, Plant Mol. Biol. 18:675-689); pEMU (Last et al., 1991, Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:581-588); MAS (Velten et al., 1984, EMBO J. 3:2723-2730); ALS promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,026), and the like (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; 5,608,142; and 6,177,611).

Another aspect of the invention pertains to host cells into which a recombinant expression vector of the invention has been introduced. The terms “host cell” and “recombinant host cell” are used interchangeably herein. It is understood that such terms refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term as used herein.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a host cell having an expression vector comprising a nucleic acid of the invention, or a variant thereof. A host cell can be any prokaryotic (e.g., E. coli, Bacillus thuringiensis) or eukaryotic cell (e.g., insect cells, yeast or plant cells). The invention also provides a method for expressing a nucleic acid of the invention thus making the encoded polypeptide comprising the steps of i) culturing a cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule of the invention under conditions that allow production of the encoded polypeptide; and ii) isolating the expressed polypeptide.

Vector DNA can be introduced into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells via conventional transformation or transfection techniques. As used herein, the terms “transformation” and “transfection” are intended to refer to a variety of art-recognized techniques for introducing foreign nucleic acid molecules into a host cell, including calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, or electroporation. Suitable methods for transforming or transfecting host cells can be found in the art (e.g., Sambrook, et al. supra.).

5.7 Production of Transgenic Plants

Any method known in the art can be used for transforming a plant or plant cell with a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention. Nucleic acid molecules can be incorporated into plant DNA (e.g., genomic DNA or chloroplast DNA) or be maintained without insertion into the plant DNA (e.g., through the use of artificial chromosomes). Suitable methods of introducing nucleic acid molecules into plant cells include microinjection (Crossway et al., 1986, Biotechniques 4:320-334); electroporation (Riggs et al., 1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83:5602-5606; D'Halluin et al., 1992, Plant Cell 4:1495-1505); Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,563,055 and 5,981,840, Osjoda et al., 1996, Nature Biotechnology 14:745-750; Horsch et al., 1984, Science 233:496-498, Fraley et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:4803, and Gene Transfer to Plants, Potrykus, ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1995); direct gene transfer (Paszkowski et al., 1984, EMBO J. 3:2717-2722); ballistic particle acceleration (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050; 5,879,918; 5,886,244; 5,932,782; Tomes et al., 1995, “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment, in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg and Phillips, Springer-Verlag, Berlin; and McCabe et al., 1988, Biotechnology 6:923-926); virus-mediated transformation (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,889,191, 5,889,190, 5,866,785, 5,589,367 and 5,316,931); pollen transformation (De Wet et al., 1985, in The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues, ed. Chapman et al., Longman, New York, pp. 197-209); Lec 1 transformation (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/435,054; International Publication No. WO 00/28058); whisker-mediated transformation (Kaeppler et al., 1990, Plant Cell Reports 9:415-418; Kaeppler et al., 1992, Theor. Appl. Genet. 84:560-566); and chloroplast transformation technology (Bogorad, 2000, Trends in Biotechnology 18: 257-263; Ramesh et al., 2004, Methods Mol Biol. 274:301-7; Hou et al., 2003, Transgenic Res. 12:111-4; Kindle et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:1721-5; Bateman and Purton, 2000, Mol Gen Genet. 263:404-10; Sidorov et al., 1999, Plant J. 19:209-216).

The choice of transformation protocols used for generating transgenic plants and plant cells can vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Examples of transformation protocols particularly suited for a particular plant type include those for : potato (Tu et al., 1998, Plant Molecular Biology 37:829-838; Chong et al., 2000, Transgenic Research 9:71-78); soybean (Christou et al., 1988, Plant Physiol. 87:671-674; McCabe et al., 1988, BioTechnology 6:923-926; Finer and McMullen, 1991, In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 27P:175-182; Singh et al., 1998, Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:319-324); maize (Klein et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85:4305-4309; Klein et al., 1988, Biotechnology 6:559-563; Klein et al., 1988, Plant Physiol. 91:440-444; Fromm et al., 1990, Biotechnology 8:833-839; Tomes et al., 1995, “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg (Springer-Verlag, Berlin)); cereals (Hooykaas-Van Slogteren et al., 1984, Nature 311:763-764; U.S. Patent No. 5,736,369).

In some embodiments, more than one construct is used for transformation in the generation of transgenic plants and plant cells. Multiple constructs may be included in cis or trans positions. In preferred embodiments, each construct has a promoter and other regulatory sequences.

Transformed plant cells which are derived by any of the above transformation techniques can be cultured to regenerate a whole plant which possesses the transformed genotype and thus the desired phenotype. Such regeneration techniques rely on manipulation of certain phytohormones in a tissue culture growth medium, typically relying on a biocide and/or herbicide marker that has been introduced together with the desired nucleotide sequences. Plant regeneration from cultured protoplasts is described in the art (e.g., Evans et al., Protoplasts Isolation and Culture, Handbook of Plant Cell Culture, pp. 124-176, MacMillilan Publishing Company, New York, 1983; and Binding, Regeneration of Plants, Plant Protoplasts, pp. 21-73, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1985). Regeneration can also be obtained from plant callus, explants, organs, or parts thereof. Such regeneration techniques are also described in the art (e.g., Klee et al. 1987, Ann. Rev. of Plant Phys. 38:467-486).

The term “plant” includes whole plants, shoot vegetative organs/structures (e.g. leaves, stems and tubers), roots, flowers and floral organs/structures (e.g. bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, anthers and ovules), seed (including embryo, endosperm, and seed coat) and fruit (the mature ovary), plant tissue (e.g. vascular tissue, ground tissue, and the like) and cells (e.g. guard cells, egg cells, trichomes and the like), and progeny of same. The class of plants that can be used in methods of the present invention includes the class of higher and lower plants amenable to transformation techniques, including angiosperms (monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants), gymnosperms, ferns, and multicellular algae. Plants of a variety of ploidy levels, including aneuploid, polyploid, diploid, haploid and hemizygous plants are also included.

The nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be used to confer desired traits on essentially any plant. Thus, the invention has use over a broad range of plants, including species from the genera Agrotis, Allium, Ananas, Anacardium, Apium, Arachis, Asparagus, Athamantha, Atropa, Avena, Bambusa, Beta, Brassica, Bromus, Browaalia, Camellia, Cannabis, Carica, Ceratonia. Cicer, Chenopodium, Chicorium, Citrus, Citrullus, Capsicum, Carthamus, Cocos, Coffea, Coix, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cynodon, Dactylis, Datura, Daucus, Dianthus, Digitalis, Dioscorea, Elaeis, Eliusine, Euphorbia, Festuca, Ficus, Fragaria, Geranium, Glycine, Graminae, Gossypium, Helianthus, Heterocallis, Hevea, Hibiscus, Hordeum, Hyoscyamus, Ipomoea, Lactuca, Lathyrus, Lens, Lilium, Linum, Lolium, Lotus, Lupinus, Lycopersicon, Macadamia, Macrophylla, Malus, Mangifera, Manihot, Majorana, Medicago, Musa, Narcissus, Nemesia, Nicotiana, Onobrychis, Olea, Olyreae, Oryza, Panicum, Panicum, Panieum, Pannisetum, Pennisetum, Petunia, Pelargonium, Persea, Pharoideae, Phaseolus, Phleum, Picea, Poa, Pinus, Pistachia, Pisum, Populus, Pseudotsuga, Pyrus, Prunus, Pseutotsuga, Psidium, Quercus, Ranunculus, Raphanus, Ribes, Ricinus, Rhododendron, Rosa, Saccharum, Salpiglossis, Secale, Senecio, Setaria, Sequoia, Sinapis, Solanum, Sorghum, Stenotaphrum, Theobromus, Trigonella, Trifolium, Trigonella, Triticum, Tsuga, Tulipa, Vicia, Vitis, Vigna, and Zea.

In specific embodiments, transgenic plants are maize, potato, rice, soybean or cotton plants.

Transgenic plants may be grown and pollinated with either the same transformed strain or different strains. Two or more generations of the plants may be grown to ensure that expression of the desired nucleic acid molecule, polypeptide and/or phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that after the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is stably incorporated in transgenic plants and confirmed to be operable, it can be introduced into other plants by sexual crossing. Any of a number of standard breeding techniques can be used, depending upon the species to be crossed.

5.8 Determination Of Expression in Transgenic Plants

Any method known in the art can be used for determining the level of expression in a plant of a nucleic acid molecule of the invention or polypeptide encoded therefrom. For example, the expression level in a plant of a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule of the invention can be determined by immunoassay, quantitative gel electrophoresis, etc. Additionally, the expression level in a plant of a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule of the invention can be determined by the degree to which the plant phenotype is altered. In a specific embodiment, enhanced insect resistance is the phenotype to be assayed.

As used herein, “enhanced insect resistance” refers to increased resistance of a transgenic plant expressing a polypeptide of the invention to consumption and/or infestation by an insect pest as compared to a plant not expressing a polypeptide of the invention. Enhanced resistance can be measured in a number of ways. In one embodiment, enhanced resistance is measured by decreased damage to a plant expressing a polypeptide of the invention as compared to a plant not expressing a polypeptide of the invention after the same period of insect incubation. Insect damage can be assessed visually. For example in cotton plants, damage after infestation can be measured by looking directly at cotton plant bolls for signs of consumption by insects. In another embodiment, enhanced resistance is measured by increased crop yield from a plant expressing a polypeptide of the invention as compared to a plant not expressing a polypeptide of the invention after the same period of insect incubation. In particular embodiments, the insect pest are from the orders Lepidoptera and/or Diptera.

Determinations can be made using whole plants, tissues thereof, or plant cell culture.

The Sequence Listing that is 0.97 MB and was created on Feb. 24, 2005 and was submitted to the PCT authorities in the International Phase, is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The contents of all published articles, books, reference manuals and abstracts cited herein, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to more fully describe the state of the art to which the invention pertains.

As various changes can be made in the above-described subject matter without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention, it is intended that all subject matter contained in the above description, and/or defined in the appended claims, be interpreted as descriptive and illustrative of the present invention. Modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings.

6. Examples 6.1 Example 1 Primary Insect Screening

Primary insect screening identified Bt cultures from a biodiversity collection having activity against Helicoverpa spp. The screening was conducted with spore-crystal complex samples at one high dose against Helicoverpa zea neonate larvae.

Spore-crystal complex samples were prepared in deep-well production plates containing 1 ml CYS sporulation medium (Yamamoto, 1990, Analytical Chemistry of Bacillus thuringiensis 432:46-60). The production plates were inoculated with 10 μl seed cultures that had been kept frozen at −80° C. and incubated at 30° C., 350 rpm for 3 days until most cultures sporulated and released free spores and crystals. The plates were centrifuged at 4000 rpm, for 40 min to precipitate spores, crystals and unlysed cells. The precipitated spore-crystal complex was suspended in 1.2 ml 15 mM potassium acetate containing 100 μg lysozyme and incubated at 30° C., 250 rpm for 16 h to ensure full sporulation and cell lysis. After the 16-hr incubation, the spore-crystal complex was collected by centrifugation and suspended in 15 mM potassium acetate. This potassium acetate step was repeated once. The final spore-crystal suspension was made in 1 ml 15 mM potassium acetate and used to screen for H. zea activity.

Insect screening was done in shallow 96-well plates containing 150 μl artificial insect diet in each well. 20 μl of spore-crystal suspension was placed on the insect diet. About 5 neonate larvae were placed in each well. The insect assay plates were incubated at 29° C. for 3 days. Insect responses to Bt crystals included feeding inhibition and mortality. About 400 cultures showed substantial mortality and were therefore identified as positive. Cry2Ax was among the positives.

6.2 Example 2 DNA Shuffling to Isolate Cry2Ax-Derived Polypeptides

Starting with the Cry2Ax polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:2) and the Cry2Ab* polypeptide (Cry2Ab* has 2 amino acid changes relative to wild type Cry2Ab; K to R at position 36 and M to T at position 241 of GenBank Accession No. M23724), synthetic DNA templates were created for DNA shuffling. Using a phylogenetic comparison of Cry2Ab (Gen Bank Accession No. M23724) and Cry2Ax (SEQ ID NO:2) a library was created that varied the 40 amino acid positions (see Section 5.1) that were different between these two polypeptide sequences. Shuffled DNA libraries were created using oligonucleotide directed shuffling with the synthetic gene encoding Cry2Ax acting as the parental DNA template. The PCR DNA libraries were cloned into pMAXY3219 by replacing the Cry2Ab* gene. The toxin clones were built such that they are expressed as a fusion to the E. coli maltose binding protein (MBP). Primary insect screening identified cultures active against Helicoverpa spp. The screening was conducted by incorporating a small amount of E. coli culture expressing the MBP::Cry2Ax-derived polypeptide fusion at one low dose in artificial diet followed by infestation with H. zea larvae. Screening was done in shallow 96-well plates containing 150 μl artificial insect diet in each well. ˜0.5 μl of MBP::Cry2Ax-derived polypeptide fusion expressing culture was incorporated into the insect diet. About 5 H. zea neonate larvae were placed in each well. The insect assay plates were incubated at 29° C. for 4 days. Insect responses to the E. coli samples included feeding inhibition and mortality. Those samples causing severe stunting or death to the larvae were re-arrayed for further analysis.

Screening of this first round library led to the discovery of several clones improved insecticidal activity relative to Cry2Ax and Cry2Ab*. In particular, clones 38 (D_(—)500503480) (SEQ ID NO:4) and 44 (D_(—)500503970) (SEQ ID NO:6) were found to be highly active when expressed (data not shown). These clones were therefore chosen for a successive round of DNA shuffling.

For the second round of shuffling, parent DNA templates from clones 38 (D_(—)500503480) (SEQ ID NO:4) and 44 (D_(—)500503970) (SEQ ID NO:6) were PCR amplified in the presence of uracil and then fragmented with uracil N-glycosylase. The fragmented templates were then mixed, reassembled before recombinant templates were amplified by PCR. A library of these shuffled templates was created in pMAXY3219 as described above. The sequence of some of the clones isolated from the first and second rounds of shuffling is shown in Table 3 indicating the amino acid residues that were changed.

In order to further diversify one of the top performing 2^(nd) Round hits, clone 473R (D_(—)501037677) (SEQ ID NO:18), the first 46 amino acid residues at the amino terminal region of the polypeptide were modified to contain residues found in eight different Cry2 polypeptide sequences (i.e., Cry2Aa, Cry2Ab, Cry2Ac, Cry2Ad, Cry2Ae, Cry2Af, Cry2Ag, and Cry2Ax). In addition, two residues, I13 and D15, were substituted with conservative residues valine and glutamate, respectively (see Table 4). The modified clone was termed clone 473N (SEQ ID NO:8).

6.3 Example 3 Activity of Cry2Ax-Derived Polypeptides

Screening of the activities of the shuffled clones was carried out in several stages. Initially the clones were screened for high insecticidal activity by providing a small amount of E. coli expressing a clone fusion protein into artificial diet for first instar H. zea larvae. Clones causing either complete death or complete stunting of the larvae were chosen for further study. Those clones that demonstrated high insecticidal activity were then used to create a new library in a plant expression vector in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The library was screened by co-cultivating each clone in four replicates with N. benthamiana leaves (using forced infiltration of each respective culture), and then feeding each corresponding disk to a single 3^(rd) instar H. zea larvae. Following a 24-hour incubation period, the feeding activity was determined by visual observation and expressed as an approximate fraction of leaf area remaining.

The clones passing further repetition of the E. coli expression/diet incorporation assays were re-cloned individually into plant expression vector pMAXY4384 and tested for efficacy in planta as described above. A final in planta activity assessment of the best hits from the E. coli expression multi-tiered assay and the plant library approach is shown in FIG. 1. From this analysis several clones appeared to have increased insecticidal activity including 7K (D_S01000779) (SEQ ID NO:10), 15K (D_(—)500999080) (SEQ ID NO:12), 16K (D_(—)501000269) (SEQ ID NO:14), 16R (D_(—)501037143) (SEQ ID NO:16), and 473R (D_(—)501037677) (SEQ ID NO:18).

6.4 Example 4 DNA Shuffling to Isolate Additional Cry2Ax-Derived Polypeptides

Clones 44 (D_(—)500503970) (SEQ ID NO:6), 473R (D_(—)501037677) (SEQ ID NO: 18) which were 1^(st) and 2^(nd) round shuffling hits as described Section 6.2 and Cry2Ab* were used as templates for further shuffling. Using these templates and oligonucleotide directed shuffling, derived polypeptides were created having amino acid diversity from wild type Cry2 polypeptides (i.e., Cry2Ae and Cry2Ag) as well as computer generated random conservative amino acid substitutions and random substitutions within segments of certain structural loop regions. The shuffled DNA libraries were cloned into pMAXY3219 by replacing the Cry2Ab* gene. The toxin clones were built such that they were expressed as a fusion to the E. coli maltose binding protein (MBP). A summary of the isolated sequences is shown in Tables 5-7.

6.5 Example 5 Activity of Additional Cry2Ax-Derived Polypeptides

In order to assess the activity of the shuffled derived polypeptides against the cotton pest Helicoverpa zea, high throughput screening using artificial diet containing whole E. coli cells expressing a clone fusion protein was performed as described supra. Clones having a high level of activity were further tested for in planta activity to confirm that the changes made to each derived polypeptide did not negatively impact gene expression or protein accumulation in plant cells. To initiate this process, each Cry2Ax-derived polypeptide was cloned into an Agrobacterium tumefaciens based plant expression vector, transformed into the host Agrobacterium strain and then arrayed into microtiter dishes. The hits were then screened by co-cultivating each in four replicates with N. benthamiana leaves (using forced infiltration of each respective culture), followed by feeding each corresponding disk to a single 3^(rd) instar H. zea larvae. Following a 24-hour incubation period the feeding activity on each disc was determined by the visual capture and analysis method as described supra. Some derived polypeptides from this process were improved compared to the parental clones. One such clone is D_(—)501764701 (SEQ ID NO:134) that showed improved activity over clone 44. Feeding assay results are shown for three experiments in FIG. 2.

6.6 Example 6 Transgenic Plants Expressing Clone 44

Transgenic tobacco plants expressing clone 44 (D_(—)500503970) were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with glyphosate selection using binary vectors pMAXY5469 and pMAXY5471. These vectors contain a dSVBV driven GAT gene and a dMMV driven clone 44 nucleic acid molecule clone 44 (SEQ ID NO:5). pMAXY5469 differs from pMAXY5471 in that it contains plastid targeting signal fused to the coding region of clone 44 such that this toxin variant will accumulate in the plastid compartment. Approximately 25 transformants were generated for each construct. Leaf disks expressing clone 44 were placed on a bed of agar in a 48-well titer tray and then infested with either 3rd instar Helicoverpa zea larvae or 4th instar Spodoptera exigua larvae. The leaves were incubated 24 hrs with the worms and then the larvae which were then removed and the leaf remaining was observed with video capture equipment for actual calculation of relative leaf area remaining (number of pixels). Results using the top transformants for each vector are shown in FIG. 3A for the H. zea and FIG. 3B for the S. exigua. Each transgenic plant has 6 leaf disks taken for analysis as shown.

Expression of then clone 44 polypeptide in the transgenic tobacco plants in the plastid (FIG. 4A) or in the cytoplasmic compartment (FIG. 4B) was assayed by western blot using a polyclonal antibody directed to clone 44 polypeptide. Lane numbers in FIG. 4 correspond to plant numbers in FIG. 3.

The polyclonal antibody used in the western blot was prepared by immunizing chickens with purified trypsin truncated clone 44 polypeptide and then purifying Cry2 specific antibodies using an affinity column made with trypsin truncated clone 44 polypeptide as the substrate.

The most obvious difference between the two types of transgenic plants is that inhibition of S. exigua is much greater for the plastid-accumulated toxin (comparing right and left panels of FIG. 3B). These data in conjunction with the expression data (FIG. 4) showing that plants harboring the T-DNA derived from 5469 (FIG. 4A) are capable of producing far more toxin than those of 5471 (FIG. 4B).

TABLE 1 Cry2Ax and Cry2Ax-derived sequences SEQ Clone name Type ID NO Cry2Ax nucleic acid 1 Cry2Ax polypeptide 2 38 (D_S00503480) nucleic acid 3 38 (D_S00503480) polypeptide 4 44 (D_S00503970) nucleic acid 5 44 (D_S00503970) polypeptide 6 473N nucleic acid 7 473N polypeptide 8 7K (D_S01000779) nucleic acid 9 7K (D_S01000779) polypeptide 10 15K (D_S00999080) nucleic acid 11 15K (D_S00999080) polypeptide 12 16K (D_S01000269) nucleic acid 13 16K (D_S01000269) polypeptide 14 16R (D_S01037143) nucleic acid 15 16R (D_S01037143) polypeptide 16 473R (D_S01037677) nucleic acid 17 473R (D_S01037677) polypeptide 18 D_S01466681 nucleic acid 19 D_S01466681 polypeptide 20 D_S01466770 nucleic acid 21 D_S01466770 polypeptide 22 D_S01467219 nucleic acid 23 D_S01467219 polypeptide 24 D_S01466712 nucleic acid 25 D_S01466712 polypeptide 26 D_S01467003 nucleic acid 27 D_S01467003 polypeptide 28 D_S01460229 nucleic acid 29 D_S01460229 polypeptide 30 D_S01459398 nucleic acid 31 D_S01459398 polypeptide 32 D_S01464856 nucleic acid 33 D_S01464856 polypeptide 34 D_S014657862 nucleic acid 35 D_S014657862 polypeptide 36 D_S01458733 nucleic acid 37 D_S01458733 polypeptide 38 D_S01457892 nucleic acid 39 D_S01457892 polypeptide 40 D_S01442158 nucleic acid 41 D_S01442158 polypeptide 42 D_S01443366 nucleic acid 43 D_S01443366 polypeptide 44 D_S01442132 nucleic acid 45 D_S01442132 polypeptide 46 D_S01532970 nucleic acid 47 D_S01532970 polypeptide 48 D_S01532041 nucleic acid 49 D_S01532041 polypeptide 50 D_S01611723 nucleic acid 51 D_S01611723 polypeptide 52 D_S01561293 nucleic acid 53 D_S01561293 polypeptide 54 D_S01561489 nucleic acid 55 D_S01561489 polypeptide 56 D_S01561330 nucleic acid 57 D_S01561330 polypeptide 58 D_S01570511 nucleic acid 59 D_S01570511 polypeptide 60 D_S01570809 nucleic acid 61 D_S01570809 polypeptide 62 D_S01570568 nucleic acid 63 D_S01570568 polypeptide 64 D_S01572168 nucleic acid 65 D_S01572168 polypeptide 66 D_S01571315 nucleic acid 67 D_S01571315 polypeptide 68 D_S01571875 nucleic acid 69 D_S01571875 polypeptide 70 D_S01572374 nucleic acid 71 D_S01572374 polypeptide 72 D_S01572905 nucleic acid 73 D_S01572905 polypeptide 74 D_S01572908 nucleic acid 75 D_S01572908 polypeptide 76 D_S01561856 nucleic acid 77 D_S01561856 polypeptide 78 D_S01573294 nucleic acid 79 D_S01573294 polypeptide 80 D_S01571529 nucleic acid 81 D_S01571529 polypeptide 82 D_S01599948 nucleic acid 83 D_S01599948 polypeptide 84 D_S01601459 nucleic acid 85 D_S01601459 polypeptide 86 D_S01602925 nucleic acid 87 D_S01602925 polypeptide 88 D_S01613034 nucleic acid 89 D_S01613034 polypeptide 90 D_S01614407 nucleic acid 91 D_S01614407 polypeptide 92 D_S01631557 nucleic acid 93 D_S01631557 polypeptide 94 D_S01633080 nucleic acid 95 D_S01633080 polypeptide 96 D_S01632237 nucleic acid 97 D_S01632237 polypeptide 98 D_S01633031 nucleic acid 99 D_S01633031 polypeptide 100 D_S01632121 nucleic acid 101 D_S01632121 polypeptide 102 D_S01764500 nucleic acid 103 D_S01764500 polypeptide 104 D_S01764502 nucleic acid 105 D_S01764502 polypeptide 106 D_S01764505 nucleic acid 107 D_S01764505 polypeptide 108 D_S01764533 nucleic acid 109 D_S01764533 polypeptide 110 D_S01764543 nucleic acid 111 D_S01764543 polypeptide 112 D_S01764546 nucleic acid 113 D_S01764546 polypeptide 114 D_S01764554 nucleic acid 115 D_S01764554 polypeptide 116 D_S01764568 nucleic acid 117 D_S01764568 polypeptide 118 D_S01764569 nucleic acid 119 D_S01764569 polypeptide 120 D_S01764577 nucleic acid 121 D_S01764577 polypeptide 122 D_S01764642 nucleic acid 123 D_S01764642 polypeptide 124 D_S01764643 nucleic acid 125 D_S01764643 polypeptide 126 D_S01764680 nucleic acid 127 D_S01764680 polypeptide 128 D_S01764685 nucleic acid 129 D_S01764685 polypeptide 130 D_S01764691 nucleic acid 131 D_S01764691 polypeptide 132 D_S01764701 nucleic acid 133 D_S01764701 polypeptide 134 D_S01764706 nucleic acid 135 D_S01764706 polypeptide 136 D_S01764723 nucleic acid 137 D_S01764723 polypeptide 138 D_S02847715 nucleic acid 139 D_S02847715 polypeptide 140 D_S01765051 nucleic acid 141 D_S01765051 polypeptide 142 D_S01765068 nucleic acid 143 D_S01765068 polypeptide 144 D_S01765100 nucleic acid 145 D_S01765100 polypeptide 146 D_S01765063 nucleic acid 147 D_S01765063 polypeptide 148 D_S01765119 nucleic acid 149 D_S01765119 polypeptide 150 D_S01765104 nucleic acid 151 D_S01765104 polypeptide 152 D_S01765112 nucleic acid 153 D_S01765112 polypeptide 154 D_S01765174 nucleic acid 155 D_S01765174 polypeptide 156 D_S01765242 nucleic acid 157 D_S01765242 polypeptide 158 D_S01765308 nucleic acid 159 D_S01765308 polypeptide 160 D_S01765221 nucleic acid 161 D_S01765221 polypeptide 162 D_S01765254 nucleic acid 163 D_S01765254 polypeptide 164 D_S01765231 nucleic acid 165 D_S01765231 polypeptide 166 D_S01765255 nucleic acid 167 D_S01765255 polypeptide 168 D_S01765377 nucleic acid 169 D_S01765377 polypeptide 170 D_S01765430 nucleic acid 171 D_S01765430 polypeptide 172 D_S01765446 nucleic acid 173 D_S01765446 polypeptide 174 D_S01765496 nucleic acid 175 D_S01765496 polypeptide 176 D_S01764642 nucleic acid 177 D_S01764642 polypeptide 178 D_S01766041 nucleic acid 179 D_S01766041 polypeptide 180 D_S01764706 nucleic acid 181 D_S01764706 polypeptide 182 D_S01766073 nucleic acid 183 D_S01766073 polypeptide 184 D_S01764643 nucleic acid 185 D_S01764643 polypeptide 186 D_S01763985 nucleic acid 187 D_S01763985 polypeptide 188 D_S01764668 nucleic acid 189 D_S01764668 polypeptide 190 D_S01764196 nucleic acid 191 D_S01764196 polypeptide 192 D_S01764728 nucleic acid 193 D_S01764728 polypeptide 194 D_S01764787 nucleic acid 195 D_S01764787 polypeptide 196 D_S01764758 nucleic acid 197 D_S01764758 polypeptide 198 D_S01764768 nucleic acid 199 D_S01764768 polypeptide 200 D_S01764860 nucleic acid 201 D_S01764860 polypeptide 202 D_S01765018 nucleic acid 203 D_S01765018 polypeptide 204 D_S01764947 nucleic acid 205 D_S01764947 polypeptide 206 D_S01764934 nucleic acid 207 D_S01764934 polypeptide 208 D_S01764968 nucleic acid 209 D_S01764968 polypeptide 210 D_S01765008 nucleic acid 211 D_S01765008 polypeptide 212 D_S01764953 nucleic acid 213 D_S01764953 polypeptide 214 D_S01764977 nucleic acid 215 D_S01764977 polypeptide 216 D_S01765509 nucleic acid 217 D_S01765509 polypeptide 218 D_S01765668 nucleic acid 219 D_S01765668 polypeptide 220 D_S01765621 nucleic acid 221 D_S01765621 polypeptide 222 D_S01765693 nucleic acid 223 D_S01765693 polypeptide 224 D_S01765687 nucleic acid 225 D_S01765687 polypeptide 226 D_S01765765 nucleic acid 227 D_S01765765 polypeptide 228 D_S01765932 nucleic acid 229 D_S01765932 polypeptide 230 D_S01766010 nucleic acid 231 D_S01766010 polypeptide 232 D_S01766026 nucleic acid 233 D_S01766026 polypeptide 234 D_S02838294 nucleic acid 235 D_S02838294 polypeptide 236 D_S02838310 nucleic acid 237 D_S02838310 polypeptide 238 D_S02838327 nucleic acid 239 D_S02838327 polypeptide 240 D_S02838328 nucleic acid 241 D_S02838328 polypeptide 242 D_S02838330 nucleic acid 243 D_S02838330 polypeptide 244 D_S02838454 nucleic acid 245 D_S02838454 polypeptide 246 D_S02838470 nucleic acid 247 D_S02838470 polypeptide 248 D_S02838478 nucleic acid 249 D_S02838478 polypeptide 250 D_S02838434 nucleic acid 251 D_S02838434 polypeptide 252 D_S02838549 nucleic acid 253 D_S02838549 polypeptide 254 D_S02838632 nucleic acid 255 D_S02838632 polypeptide 256 D_S02838640 nucleic acid 257 D_S02838640 polypeptide 258 D_S02838648 nucleic acid 259 D_S02838648 polypeptide 260 Cry2Ab polypeptide 261

TABLE 2 Codon Table Amino acids Codon Alanine Ala A GCA GCC GCG GCU Cysteine Cys C UGC UGU Aspartic acid Asp D GAC GAU Glutamic acid Glu E GAA GAG Phenylalanine Phe F UUC UUU Glycine Gly G GGA GGC GGG GGU Histidine His H CAC CAU Isoleucine Ile I AUA AUC AUU Lysine Lys K AAA AAG Leucine Leu L UUA UUG CUA CUC CUG CUU Methionine Met M AUG Asparagine Asn N AAC AAU Proline Pro P CCA CCC CCG CCU Glutamine Gln Q CAA CAG Arginine Arg R AGA AGG CGA CGC CGG CGU Serine Ser S AGC AGU UCA UCC UCG UCU Threonine Thr T ACA ACC ACG ACU Valine Val V GUA GUC GUG GUU Tryptophan Trp W UGG Tyrosine Tyr Y UAC UAU

TABLE 3 Sequence of clones of interest isolated from DNA shuffling Amino acid Parents 1^(st) Rd 2^(nd) Rd position 2Ab 2Ax 38 44 7K 15K 16K 16R 473R 3 N H H H H H H H H Amino Acid Sequence 4 S N N N N N N N N 20 A V A A A A A A A 35 V I V V V V V V V 37 K E E E E E E E E 40 T M M M M M M M M 42 W W W W W W R W W 45 N D D D D D D D D 51 L V V V V L L V V 80 N N S N S S S S S 163 P T T P P P P P P 210 R Q R Q R R Q R R 211 D N N N N N N N N 212 Y H H H H H H H H 214 K R R R R R R R R 230 S T S T S S S S T 233 K R R R R R R R R 242 M M M M V M M M M 318 S T S S S S S S S 319 N Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 330 S T T T T T T T T 347 I V V V V V V V V 355 S — S S S S S S S 356 P V P P P P P P P 358 N N T N T T T N N 362 N S S S S S S S S 386 E G G G G G G G G 388 V I V V V V V V V 389 A N A N A N N A N 447 E Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 452 A E E A E A A A E 461 A L A L A L L A A 477 H Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 484 S T T S T S T T T 490 N E E E E E E E E 529 N S S S S S S S S 570 T S S T T S S S T 600 S D D S S S S S D 602 S T S S S S S S S 603 D N N D D D D D N 619 D E E D D E E D D 625 L F F F F F F F F 630 I L L L L L L L L 631 S P S P P S S P P

TABLE 4 Sequence comparison of wild type Cry2 polypeptides with clone 473N Amino Modified acid Parents Clone position Cry2Aa Cry2Ab Cry2Ac Cry2Ad Cry2Ae Cry2Af Cry2Ag Cry2Ax 473R 473N 8 S S N S N S S S S N Amino Acid Sequence 9 S G G G G G E G G E 11 S T N N T T T T T N 13 S I T I I I K I I V 15 S D H D D D G D D E 17 S Y H Y Y Y Y Y Y H 21 S A A V A A A A A V 22 S H H H H H H H H R 28 S Q E Q E Q E Q Q E 36 S Q E D R Q Q Q Q E 37 S K K N K E K E E K 40 S T K M M M M M M T 44 S K R K R K R K K R 45 S N T D T D T D D N 46 S N D N D N D N N D

TABLE 5 Sequence of clones of interest isolated from DNA shuffling using Cry2Ab* as parent Sample 1 3 4 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 20 25 26 27 28 29 31 34 36 37 42 46 48 49 51 54 56 Cry2Ab* M N S N G R T T I C A F S F Q H S T Q R W N S L L I G Cry2Ab wt seq K D_S02838648 D P R R D_S02838640 R D_S02838632 R R P D_S02838470 R D_S02838434 R D_S02838328 R D_S02838327 R D_S02838310 R D_S01766073 R D_S01766026 R D D_S01765621 R D_S01765509 R D_S01765496 R R D_s01765255 R R D_S01765119 R D_S01765112 T R R V V D_S01765104 H R D_S01765063 R D_S01765008 R D_S01764977 R D_S01764947 L R D_S01764787 R D_S01764723 L R D_S01764701 R D_S01764691 R D_S01764680 S S R D_S01764668 R D_S01764642 R D_S01764568 R D_S01764554 R D_S01764546 R D_S01764543 R D_S01764533 R D_S01764505 H N V R D_S01764502 A R D_S01764500 R D_S01764196 S R D_S01763985 R D_S01632237 R D_S01632121 A R D_S01631557 R D_S01614407 R D_S01613034 R R D_S01602925 R D_S01601459 R D_S01599948 R D_S01532970 R R D_S0153204 H N S R D_S01467003 R D_S01466770 R D_S01466712 R D_S01466681 H D_S014657862 I R D_S01457892 R D_S01443366 R D_S01442158 R L D_S01442132 R D_S-1764685 R BY2_Cry2Ab R Sample 64 70 76 79 80 89 93 96 97 100 101 107 111 118 119 122 123 124 125 126 130 135 137 139 Cry2Ab* K V S R N N D R E K F N L L T Q A N V E R F N N Cry2Ab wt seq D_S02838648 S L E D_S02838640 S E P D_S02838632 P D_S02838470 Q D_S02838434 S L D_S02838328 D_S02838327 S E D_S02838310 D_S01766073 D_S01766026 W E D_S01765621 G D D_S01765509 D_S01765496 I D_s01765255 Q D_S01765119 Q D_S01765112 D D_S01765104 H W D_S01765063 Q D D_S01765008 W G D_S01764977 W Q D_S01764947 K S Q D_S01764787 W Y D_S01764723 W G M D_S01764701 Q D D_S01764691 D_S01764680 D_S01764668 W G R D_S01764642 L Q D_S01764568 G I D_S01764554 S R D_S01764546 Q D_S01764543 E S D_S01764533 W T D_S01764505 S D_S01764502 W G Q R D_S01764500 G T D_S01764196 S G D_S01763985 D_S01632237 S D_S01632121 S D_S01631557 S V H D_S01614407 G R D_S01613034 D_S01602925 S D_S01601459 S E D_S01599948 S G D_S01532970 D_S0153204 G D_S01467003 D_S01466770 D_S01466712 D_S01466681 D_S014657862 S R H D_S01457892 D_S01443366 D_S01442158 D_S01442132 D_S-1764685 BY2_Cry2Ab S E Sample 140 141 142 144 153 154 160 162 164 166 167 168 169 172 178 184 187 191 192 193 197 201 Cry2Ab* R N A P T M N L Q Q M Q G L F L S D V I D I Cry2Ab wt seq D_S02838648 G D_S02838640 D I D_S02838632 L S I Q D_S02838470 T D_S02838434 L D_S02838328 M D_S02838327 L D T D_S02838310 D_S01766073 D_S01766026 Q M D_S01765621 V V D_S01765509 R V V D_S01765496 D_s01765255 V M V D_S01765119 L D_S01765112 A D_S01765104 S M E D_S01765063 D_S01765008 S V M V D_S01764977 D_S01764947 D_S01764787 V D_S01764723 Q L R V V D_S01764701 D_S01764691 D_S01764680 R M V D_S01764668 M D_S01764642 V M V D_S01764568 D_S01764554 A D_S01764546 D_S01764543 D_S01764533 V D_S01764505 D_S01764502 Q G V D_S01764500 Q V D_S01764196 R S D_S01763985 D_S01632237 R Q D_S01632121 D_S01631557 D_S01614407 D_S01613034 D_S01602925 D_S01601459 D_S01599948 D_S01532970 D_S0153204 D_S01467003 D_S01466770 D_S01466712 T D_S01466681 D_S014657862 M D_S01457892 D_S01443366 D_S01442158 D_S01442132 D_S-1764685 BY2_Cry2Ab Sample 205 210 211 212 214 215 216 218 219 221 226 229 230 233 234 237 238 240 241 242 244 273 Cry2Ab* T R D Y K N Y R D S N Q S K G T R H D T E G Cry2Ab wt seq M D_S02838648 T D_S02838640 T T D_S02838632 T D_S02838470 T D_S02838434 R T D_S02838328 T D_S02838327 T D_S02838310 Q T T D_S01766073 D_S01766026 T D_S01765621 T T D_S01765509 T D_S01765496 T D_s01765255 T D_S01765119 T D_S01765112 Q N H R T R D_S01765104 T D_S01765063 G T D_S01765008 T D_S01764977 T K D_S01764947 T D_S01764787 A T D_S01764723 T S D_S01764701 G T D_S01764691 T D_S01764680 R T D_S01764668 E T D_S01764642 E T D_S01764568 T D_S01764554 Q S T D_S01764546 A T D_S01764543 T T D_S01764533 T D_S01764505 T D_S01764502 A G T D_S01764500 A T D_S01764196 Q R G T D_S01763985 H T T D_S01632237 N T T D_S01632121 Q T T D_S01631557 R T D_S01614407 T T D_S01613034 N R T T D_S01602925 R T T D_S01601459 Q N T T D_S01599948 T T D_S01532970 F D_S0153204 Q N H R T R T D_S01467003 T D_S01466770 T D_S01466712 T D_S01466681 T D_S014657862 E T D_S01457892 T D_S01443366 T D_S01442158 T D_S01442132 T D_S-1764685 W BY2_Cry2Ab N R T T Sample 278 279 283 284 285 286 288 291 298 302 305 307 310 311 317 319 321 323 325 330 331 344 Cry2Ab* A S P Q Q T S S Y Q S Y N G L N F N V S T S Cry2Ab wt seq D_S02838648 D_S02838640 G D_S02838632 D_S02838470 H D_S02838434 D_S02838328 G D_S02838327 D_S02838310 D_S01766073 A D_S01766026 D_S01765621 G D_S01765509 G D_S01765496 L D_s01765255 G D_S01765119 D_S01765112 Q L D_S01765104 G D_S01765063 G D_S01765008 G D_S01764977 D_S01764947 D_S01764787 G D_S01764723 S D_S01764701 G D_S01764691 D_S01764680 H G D_S01764668 G P D_S01764642 S D_S01764568 D_S01764554 A D_S01764546 D_S01764543 C D_S01764533 G D_S01764505 Q G D_S01764502 S D_S01764500 T A D_S01764196 D_S01763985 V T N D_S01632237 S D_S01632121 H D_S01631557 D_S01614407 S D_S01613034 V T N D_S01602925 D_S01601459 R N D_S01599948 D_S01532970 T D_S0153204 Q T D_S01467003 D_S01466770 D_S01466712 R D_S01466681 D_S014657862 D D_S01457892 D_S01443366 D_S01442158 D_S01442132 D_S-1764685 R R BY2_Cry2Ab Sample 347 358 362 367 383 386 389 391 399 401 403 405 407 408 413 420 435 436 444 445 447 448 Cry2Ab* I N N L S E A V F T L L S G R P R N H Y E I Cry2Ab wt seq D_S02838648 D_S02838640 D_S02838632 D_S02838470 D_S02838434 D_S02838328 D_S02838327 D_S02838310 D_S01766073 T D_S01766026 D_S01765621 D_S01765509 D_S01765496 D_s01765255 V D_S01765119 D_S01765112 G N D_S01765104 S I I R D_S01765063 D_S01765008 S I I C D_S01764977 D_S01764947 D_S01764787 D_S01764723 K D_S01764701 D_S01764691 D_S01764680 D_S01764668 S I I D_S01764642 D_S01764568 D_S01764554 D_S01764546 T D_S01764543 D_S01764533 D_S01764505 Y F D_S01764502 D_S01764500 D_S01764196 D_S01763985 D_S01632237 D_S01632121 D_S01631557 D_S01614407 D_S01613034 D_S01602925 D_S01601459 D_S01599948 K D_S01532970 V S L Q D_S0153204 G N D_S01467003 S D D_S01466770 D D_S01466712 D_S01466681 D_S014657862 L D_S01457892 D_S01443366 D_S01442158 D_S01442132 D_S-1764685 S T R BY2_Cry2Ab Sample 459 461 476 490 491 492 497 498 500 508 513 517 529 530 537 538 543 545 553 560 566 Cry2Ab* G A H N D Y I S I Q I F N N L R S N I V V Cry2Ab wt seq D_S02838648 K D_S02838640 V D_S02838632 D_S02838470 D_S02838434 D_S02838328 D_S02838327 D_S02838310 G D_S01766073 D_S01766026 D_S01765621 V D_S01765509 D_S01765496 D_s01765255 D_S01765119 D_S01765112 L Y E S D_S01765104 G — D_S01765063 D_S01765008 G D_S01764977 P D_S01764947 D_S01764787 A D_S01764723 D_S01764701 D_S01764691 D_S01764680 D_S01764668 D_S01764642 W D_S01764568 D_S01764554 D_S01764546 D_S01764543 S D_S01764533 D_S01764505 D_S01764502 D_S01764500 T D_S01764196 A D_S01763985 D_S01632237 D_S01632121 D_S01631557 D_S01614407 R D_S01613034 D_S01602925 D_S01601459 D_S01599948 D D_S01532970 L E D_S0153204 P D A D_S01467003 F L D_S01466770 L T F L D_S01466712 T L D_S01466681 D_S014657862 D_S01457892 G F D_S01443366 M T L D_S01442158 A F D_S01442132 T D_S-1764685 H Y BY2_Cry2Ab Sample 567 568 569 582 583 591 592 593 595 598 600 603 612 619 623 624 625 630 631 633 Cry2Ab* Y T A N D I N I N A S D L D I M L I S L Cry2Ab wt seq D_S02838648 D_S02838640 D_S02838632 D_S02838470 I D_S02838434 D_S02838328 H F I D_S02838327 D_S02838310 A D_S01766073 D_S01766026 D F D_S01765621 I D_S01765509 A F I D_S01765496 M I D_s01765255 M I D_S01765119 D_S01765112 D_S01765104 M D_S01765063 F T D_S01765008 M F I D_S01764977 M F I D_S01764947 M V I D_S01764787 M F D_S01764723 D_S01764701 F T D_S01764691 D_S01764680 M I D_S01764668 M D_S01764642 K M F I D_S01764568 V M V I D_S01764554 D_S01764546 M D_S01764543 D_S01764533 I D_S01764505 D_S01764502 D_S01764500 F I D_S01764196 D_S01763985 D_S01632237 D_S01632121 D_S01631557 D_S01614407 D_S01613034 D_S01602925 D_S01601459 D_S01599948 S D_S01532970 F L P D_S0153204 Y F D_S01467003 G D_S01466770 N I D_S01466712 T F D_S01466681 E D_S014657862 T D_S01457892 I D_S01443366 V M F G D_S01442158 D_S01442132 V M F I D_S-1764685 N BY2_Cry2Ab

TABLE 6 Amino acid sequence changes of clones of interest isolated from DNA shuffling using clone 44 as parent Sample 64 143 149 189 192 216 217 225 228 290 345 358 383 418 527 553 600 603 616 619 631 D_S00503970 K V S I V Y T I Y T G N S Y E I S D T D P (Parental Clone 44) D_S01765068 D N E S D_S01573294 H S S D_S01572908 A D_S01572905 P A D_S01561856 L H A D_S01561489 A F G D_S01561330 R H D_S01765221 R D G D_S01561293 R V M

TABLE 7 Sequence of clones of interest isolated from DNA shuffling using clone 473R as parent Sample 4 12 17 29 31 32 34 38 51 93 96 108 124 137 139 140 141 142 143 144 147 153 167 D_S01037677 N T Y H S L T E V D R T N N N R N A V P I T M (parental clone 473) D_S01765231 D_S01764643 P D_S01572374 D_S01571875 D_S01766010 H P T I S H D_S01572168 P T Q T T R L D_S01765242 G L D_S01764953 H R G S V L D_S01764728 I A M L D_S01764758 L D_S01571529 S A V D_S01571315 C V D_S01570809 D D_S01570568 D_S01570511 A Sample 168 169 170 177 189 195 223 226 250 266 296 306 315 323 324 350 355 356 357 358 362 372 378 D_S01037677 Q G Y L I N Y N F Q F N A N I G S P F N S T W (parental clone 473) D_S01765231 S D_S01764643 D_S01572374 S S D_S01571875 S D_S01766010 V H S S R D_S01572168 H R D_S01765242 N N R D_S01764953 R H D_S01764728 R D P V D_S01764758 G E S V R T A G N S D_S01571529 E R D D D_S01571315 G F D_S01570809 D_S01570568 V R D_S01570511 Sample 384 390 425 434 446 447 451 455 474 479 492 504 505 527 553 555 565 570 599 611 616 623 D_S01037677 D T R V N Q I S N H Y Q V E I N R T S T T I (parental clone 473) D_S01765231 R D_S01764643 G D_S01572374 D_S01571875 Q H R D_S01766010 P R A D_S01572168 A D_S01765242 G D_S01764953 A D_S01764728 D A V D_S01764758 A I D_S01571529 R Q D_S01571315 T D_S01570809 S D_S01570568 H V D_S01570511 S 

1. An isolated polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 106 said polypeptide having insecticidal activity.
 2. An isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: a) a polypeptide that is at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106, said polypeptide having insecticidal activity; b) a polypeptide that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 105, said polypeptide having insecticidal activity; c) a polypeptide that is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes with a nucleic acid probe consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105, or a complement thereof following at least one wash in 0.2×SSC at 55° C. for 20 minutes, said polypeptide having insecticidal activity; d) a fragment comprising at least 200 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 106, said polypeptide having insecticidal activity.
 3. The isolated polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the polypeptide comprises at least one amino acid selected from the group consisting of H₂, S₇, Q₂₇, E₃₆, K₄₃, D₄₄, N₄₅, D₅₁, A₅₈, V₆₉, R₇₈, N₇₉, K₉₉, T₁₁₈, V₁₂₄, E₁₂₅, R₁₂₉, N₁₃₈, R₁₃₉, A₁₄₁, T₁₆₂, Q₁₆₅, M₁₆₆, L₁₈₃, I₁₉₂, H₂₁₁, R₂₁₃, R₂₁₇, D₂₁₈, V₃₂₄, I₃₈₆, T₃₉₉, S₄₀₅, Q₄₄₅, I₅₅₁, S₅₈₇, L₆₁₀, and L₆₃₁.
 4. The isolated polypeptide of claim 3, wherein Diptera or Lepidoptera are susceptible to the insecticidal activity of the polypeptide.
 5. A composition comprising the isolated and purified polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 106, and an agent, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of spreader-sticker adjuvants, stabilizing agents, insecticidal agents, diluents, surfactants, emulsifiers, and dispersants; said polypeptide having insecticidal activity.
 6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the composition further comprises cells.
 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the cells are whole or lysed.
 8. The composition of claim 6, wherein the cells are in suspension or are pelleted.
 9. The composition of claim 5, wherein the composition further comprises a spore-crystal complex of Bacillus thuringiensis. 